摘要
Female-producing parthenogenesis can be induced by endosymbionts that increase their transmission by manipulating host reproduction. Our literature survey indicates that such endosymbiont-induced parthenogenesis is known or suspected in 124 host species from seven different arthropod taxa, with Wolbachia as the most frequent endosymbiont (in 56–75% of host species). Most host species (81%, 100 out of 124) are characterized by haplo-diploid sex determination, but a strong ascertainment bias likely underestimates the frequency of endosymbiont-induced parthenogenesis in hosts with other sex determination systems. In at least one taxon, hymenopterans, endosymbionts are a significant driver of transitions from sexual to parthenogenetic reproduction, with one-third of lineages being parthenogenetic as a consequence of endosymbiont infection. Endosymbiont-induced parthenogenesis appears to facilitate the maintenance of reproductive polymorphism: at least 50% of species comprise both sexual (uninfected) and parthenogenetic (infected) strains. These strains feature distribution differences similar to the ones documented for lineages with genetically determined parthenogenesis, with endosymbiont-induced parthenogens occurring at higher latitudes than their sexual relatives. Finally, although gamete duplication is often considered as the main mechanism for endosymbiont-induced parthenogenesis, it underlies parthenogenesis in only half of the host species studied thus far. We point out caveats in the methods used to test for endosymbiont-induced parthenogenesis and suggest specific approaches that allow for firm conclusions about the involvement of endosymbionts in the origin of parthenogenesis.
摘要译文
女性产生的孤雌生殖可以通过操纵宿主繁殖而增加其传播的内生梭菌诱导我们的文献调查表明，这种内分泌诱导的单性生殖在七种不同的节肢动物分类群中已知或涉嫌124种，Wolbachia是最常见的内生菌（在寄主物种的56 25中） 主要寄主物种（81％25，124个中的100个）以单倍体二倍体性别决定为特征，但强烈的确定偏差可能低估了其他性别决定系统的宿主中内生线粒体诱导的孤雌生殖的频率。在至少一种分类群，内分泌是从性到孤雌生殖过渡的重要驱动因素，其中三分之一的谱系是内分泌感染的结果。诱导的单性生殖似乎有助于维持生殖多态性：至少50％的物种包括性（未感染）和孤雌（感染）菌株这些菌株的特征分布差异与遗传确定的孤雌生殖谱系相似，内分泌诱导的单性生殖器在高纬度地区比他们的性亲属发生。最后，虽然配子重复通常被认为是内分泌诱导的孤雌生殖的主要机制，但它仅仅是迄今研究的宿主物种的一半，是孤雌生殖的基础他用来测试内分泌诱导的孤雌生殖的方法，并提出允许关于内分泌参与孤雌生殖的起源的确切结论的具体方法
W.-J. Ma[*] and T. Schwander. Patterns and mechanisms in instances of endosymbiont-induced parthenogenesis[J]. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 2017,30(5): 868-888