摘要
Recent studies have revealed the importance of self-consistency in evolutionary models, particularly in the context of male–female interactions. This has been largely ignored in models of the ancestral divergence of the sexes, i.e., the evolution of anisogamy. Here, we model the evolution of anisogamy in a Fisher-consistent context, explicitly taking into account the number of interacting individuals in a typical reproductive group. We reveal an interaction between the number of adult individuals in the local mating group and the selection pressures responsible for the divergence of the sexes. The same underlying model can produce anisogamy in two different ways. Gamete competition can lead to anisogamy when it is relatively easy for gametes to find each other, but when this is more difficult and gamete competition is absent, gamete limitation can provide another route for anisogamy to evolve. In line with earlier models, organismal complexity favors anisogamy. We argue that the early contributions of Kalmus and Scudo, largely dismissed as group selectionist, are valid under certain conditions. Linking their work with the contributions of Parker helps to explain why precisely males keep producing more sperm than can ever lead to offspring: sperm could evolve to provision zygotes but this brings little profit for the effort required, because sperm would have to be equipped with provisioning ability before it is known which sperm will make it to the fertilization stage. This insight creates a logical link between paternal care under uncertain paternity (where again investment is selected against when some investment never brings about genetic benefits) and gamete size evolution.
摘要译文
最近的研究揭示了自我一致性的重要性在演化模型，特别是在男性与女性的相互作用的上下文。这已经在很大程度上被忽略了性别，anisogamy的即进化祖先分歧车型。在这里，我们在一个费希尔一致上下文模型anisogamy的演变，明确地考虑到在典型的生殖组相互作用的个体的数目。我们揭示了成年个体的本地交配组中的号和负责两性的发散的选择压力之间的相互作用。相同的基础模型可以用两种不同的方式产生anisogamy。配子竞争可导致anisogamy时它是比较容易为配子找到对方，但是当这是比较困难的，配子的竞争不存在，配子限制可以提供另一种途径anisogamy发展。与早期型号线，生物体的复杂性有利于anisogamy。我们认为，和的Kalmus的SCUDO早期的贡献，在很大程度上斥为组选择论，是在一定条件下有效。帕克有助于解释为什么男性精确保持产生更多的精子比以往任何时候都可以导致后代：精子可能演变为提供受精卵，但这带来了一点利润所需的努力，因为精子必须配备供应能力之前，已知其中将精子使其受精阶段。T创建不确定下的亲子鉴定（其中投资再次选择时，对一些投资永远不会带来好处遗传）和配子大小演变父亲照料之间的逻辑联系。
Jussi Lehtonen [1] [2] Hanna Kokko [1] [2]. Two roads to two sexes: unifying gamete competition and gamete limitation in a single model of anisogamy evolution[J]. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2011,65(3): 445-459