摘要
Artificial insemination (AI) is now used for breeding more than 90% of the sows in most of the world's primary pork producing countries. Despite the advancement of methods to cryopreserve boar semen, frozen semen has not been routinely used on farms because of limited efficiency. Liquid semen on the other hand, with 1.5–3 billion sperm per dose preserved up to seven days in long-term extenders, is in common use and is largely responsible for the widespread use of AI. Breeding organizations have defined individual thresholds for useable semen at 60–80% for motility and bacterial load of 0–1000 CFU/mL. Improvement in preservation techniques for liquid semen and better education of producers has been responsible for the higher efficiency of pig breeding, as measured by conception rate and increased litter size, with a minimum number of sperm. The introduction of deep intrauterine AI and advances in breeding management have also been contributing factors. The present article reviews the worldwide application of preserved boar semen from past to present and delineates future challenges. Pathways to increase breeding efficiency are outlined. The reconciliation of AI with sustainable breeding strategies is increasingly important. In this sense, guidelines for the prudent use of antibiotics in semen extenders are proposed. More efficient and sustainable pig AI awaits the introduction of sex-sorted sperm into AI practice. Another critical milestone that needs to be achieved is the replacement of conventional antibiotics in extenders.
摘要译文
现在，在世界上大多数主要的猪肉生产国中，人工授精（AI）已用于繁殖超过90％的母猪。尽管冷冻保存公猪精液的方法有所进步，但由于效率有限，冷冻精液尚未在农场上常规使用。另一方面，液体精液可以长期使用，每剂可保存1.5至30亿精子，长达7天，是长期使用的精液，是AI广泛使用的主要原因。育种组织已将活力和细菌载量为0-1000 CFU / mL的精液可用阈值定为60-80％。改善精液保存技术和提高生产者的教育水平，可以提高猪的繁殖效率，这可以通过受胎率和增加的产仔数来衡量，且精子数量最少。子宫内深层人工授精的引入和育种管理的进步也已成为促成因素。本文回顾了过去到现在的公猪精液在世界范围内的应用，并概述了未来的挑战。概述了提高育种效率的途径。 AI与可持续育种策略的协调变得越来越重要。从这个意义上讲，提出了在精液补充剂中谨慎使用抗生素的指南。更具效率和可持续性的猪AI正在等待将性精子引入AI实践中。需要实现的另一个关键里程碑是在增量剂中替代常规抗生素。
Dagmar Waberski[a]Anja Riesenbeck[b]Martin Schulze[c]Karl Fritz Weitze[a]Lawrence Johnson[d]. Application of preserved boar semen for artificial insemination: Past, present and future challenges[J]. Theriogenology, 2019,137: 2-7