摘要
The aim of this study was to estimate the environmental impact of organic and conventional small-scale dairy farms in mountain areas. Sixteen farms rearing the dual-purpose Rendena breed were assessed for global warming potential, acidification and eutrophication impacts through the Life Cycle Assessment method in two scenarios: the Baseline Scenario based on the actual farm data and the Milk-Beef production system Scenario assuming that calves exceeding the culling rate were fattened directly on-farm. Three different emissions allocation methods were considered: No allocation; Physical allocation, which also accounted for the co-product beef; and Economic allocation, which also accounted for the ecosystem services provided by the farms and were estimated on the basis of agri-environmental payments. Furthermore, two functional units were used: fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM) and utilizable agricultural land (UAL). Within the Baseline Scenario and with FPCM as the functional unit, performing No allocation, the mean values obtained for the global warming potential, acidification and eutrophication were 1.43 kg CO2-eq/kg FPCM, 25.84 g SO2-eq/kg FPCM and 3.99 g PO43−-eq/kg FPCM, respectively. The organic farms had a significantly lower eutrophication impact than the conventional farms considering all three allocation methods. Conversely, if UAL was used as the functional unit, the mean values obtained for the global warming potential, acidification and eutrophication were 0.80 kg CO2-eq/m2, 14.28 g SO2-eq/m2 and 2.32 g PO43−-eq/m2, respectively. The Milk-Beef production system Scenario increased emissions per m2 of UAL, but it reduced the emissions apportioned to 1 kg of FPCM, with stronger trends in the organic farms because of the increased added value of the meat production. This study highlights how strengthening beef production in dual-purpose breeds reduced the emissions apportioned to milk and suggests an approach to acknowledge multi-functionality considering some of the ecosystem services provided by the farms.
摘要译文
本研究的目的是估算有机和传统小型奶牛场在山区的环境影响。研究了16个饲养两用Rendena品种的农场的全球变暖潜力，两种情景中的方法：基于实际农场数据的基线情景和牛奶 - 牛肉生产系统情景假设超过淘汰率的牛犊直接在农场饲养。考虑了三种不同的排放分配方法：无分配;物理分配，也占副产品牛肉;和经济分配，这也是农场提供的生态系统服务的基础，并根据农业环境支付进行估算。此外，使用了两个功能单元：脂肪和蛋白质校正牛奶（FPCM）和可利用的农田（UAL）。在基线情景中，以FPCM为功能单元，进行无分配，全球变暖潜能值，酸化和富营养化的平均值为1.43 kg CO 2 -eq / kg FPCM，25.84 g SO 2 -eq / kg FPCM和3。分别为99克PO43 - eq / kg FPCM。考虑到所有三种分配方法，有机农场的富营养化影响明显低于传统农场。反过来，如果UAL用作功能单位，则全球变暖潜能值，酸化和富营养化的平均值为0.80 kg CO 2 -eq / m sup 2 / sup，14。分别为28g SO 2 -eq / m sup 2 / sup和2.32g PO43-eq / m 2。牛奶 - 牛肉生产系统情景增加了UAL的每m sup 2 / sup的排放量，但它减少了1公斤FPCM的排放量，有机农场的趋势更强，因为肉类生产的附加值增加了。两用品种的生产减少了分配给牛奶的排放量，并提出了一种考虑农场提供的一些生态系统服务来承认多功能性的方法。
SaraSalvador;MircoCorazzin;EdiPiasentier;StefanoBovolenta;. Environmental assessment of small-scale dairy farms with multifunctionality in mountain areas[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016,124: 94-102