摘要
Through the Eastern Alps runs one of the great cultural frontiers of Europe, the zone of contact between the cultural sphere of the Mediterranean and the transalpine cultures to the north. This frontier has shifted back and forth over time, as have the boundaries of language and of various dominant political units. One of the present foci of culture contact in a zone of dispute and discord is the present-day Italian region of Alto Adige or Tiroler Etschland (still called the South Tirol by unreconstructed defenders of the traditional unity of the Tyrol) and the Trentino. Unified in the first part of the 13th century under the Counts of the Tyrol, the region passed into the hands of the Habsburgs in 1363, where it remained until 1918 but for a brief interlude during the Napoleonic period. The Napoleonic occupation divided the region, yielding to Bavaria the largely German-speaking province of Bozen (Bolzano), together with the North Tyrol, while grouping the Romancespeaking portions with Italy. This division became the prototype of later efforts to divorce the Romance Tyrol from the German Tyrol, a division effected again in the provincial separation between Province Bozen and Province Trento after the entire region was yielded by Austria to Italy at the end of World War I. Except for a brief period near the end of World War II (1943 to 1945), when both provinces were grouped as Operationszone Alpenvorland with Gau Tyrol of the Greater German Reich, the region has remained politically part of Italy. It remains also, however, an area of conflict in which Italian political hegemony and cultural influence has been combatted by the German-speaking population, impelled by a desire for greater autonomy or complete separation from the Italian state.
摘要译文
通过东阿尔卑斯山脉是欧洲最伟大的文化边界之一，地中海文化圈与北方的transalpine文化之间的接触区。这个边界随着时间的推移而来回移动，语言和各种主要政治单位的界限也是如此。pute和discord是现今意大利的Alto Adige或Tiroler Etschland地区（仍被称为蒂罗尔传统统一的未经重建的捍卫者的南蒂罗尔）和特伦蒂诺。这个地区在13世纪的第一部分统一在蒂罗尔的计数下，于1363年落入哈布斯堡王朝的手中，它一直持续到1918年，但在拿破仑时期的短暂插曲。拿破仑的占领使该地区分裂，与意大利北部蒂罗尔一起向巴伐利亚州的大部分德语区Bozen（博尔扎诺）屈服，同时将罗马语部分分组。这个部门成为后来罗曼斯蒂罗尔与德国蒂罗尔离婚的原型，在第一次世界大战结束后奥地利向意大利输出整个地区之后，在博岑省和特伦托省之间的省级分离中再次实现了分裂。除了在第二次世界大战结束后的短暂时期（1943年至1945年），当两个省分别作为大德意志帝国的高蒂罗尔的作战区Alpenvorland，该地区在政治上仍然是意大利的一部分。但是，它仍然是意大利政治霸权和文化影响力受德语人口打击的冲突地区，希望获得更大的自治权或完全脱离意大利国家。
Eric R. Wolf (a1). Cultural Dissonance in the Italian Alps*[J]. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 1962,5(1): 1-14