摘要
Marketed products manufactured with the carboxylic ionophores include monensin, lasalocid, salinomycin, narasin, maduramicin, laidlomycin, and semduramicin and generally have been found to be safe and effective in the target species, provided the approved dosage ranges are observed. However, toxicity has resulted from overdosage, misuse, and drug–drug interaction. Ionophore toxicity occurs similarly in laboratory and target animal species and is characterized clinically by anorexia, diarrhea, dyspnea, depression, ataxia, recumbency, and death and pathologically by degeneration, necrosis, and repair of heart and skeletal muscles. More information and reports of adverse reactions have been published on monensin than on other ionophores because of its long-standing and widespread use in the livestock and poultry industries. No lesions have been reported in reproductive tissues and organs of animals administered toxic doses of monensin and other ionophores. Monensin's lack of reproductive toxicity and teratogenic potential was suggested by negative results in multigeneration reproduction and teratologic studies in rats. Reproductive performance of parents and health status of offspring were not adversely affected through four generations of rats maintained continuously on diets containing either crystalline or mycelial monensin. Also, there was no evidence of teratogenicity in rats or rabbits. Safety and toxicity studies conducted in growing and reproducing beef and dairy bulls, dairy replacement heifers, breeding and pregnant beef and dairy cows, and lactating dairy cows, as well as in pigs (sows and gilts from breeding to lactation) and layer and broiler breeder chickens, indicate that monensin produces no adverse effects on reproductive performance and does not result in any abnormalities in the offspring.
摘要译文
用羧基离子载体生产的市场产品包括Monensin，Lasalocid，Salinomycin，Narasin，Maduramicin，Laidlomycin和Semduramicin，并且通常在目标物种中是安全有效的，只要观察到批准的剂量范围。但是，毒性是由过量，滥用和药物相互作用引起的。离子载体毒性在实验室和靶向动物物种中类似发生，并且在临床上以厌食，腹泻，呼吸困难，抑郁，共济失调，卧感，死亡以及死亡以及病理学，坏死，坏死以及心脏和骨骼肌的修复。关于Monensin的不良反应的更多信息和报告与其他离子载体有关，因为它在牲畜和家禽行业中长期存在。在生殖组织和动物的器官中尚无病变，施用了有毒剂量的Monensin和其他离子载体。 Monensin缺乏生殖毒性和致畸潜力，这表明大鼠多发生繁殖和畸形研究的负面结果表明。父母的生殖表现和后代的健康状况并没有通过不断维持含有结晶或菌丝菌丝的饮食的四代老鼠受到不利影响。而且，没有证据表明大鼠或兔子的致病性。在种植和繁殖牛肉和奶牛，奶牛替代小母牛，繁殖，怀孕的牛肉和奶牛以及哺乳奶牛以及猪（猪（母猪）（从育种到哺乳期）和肉鸡育种者育种者和肉鸡育种者，进行了安全和毒性研究。鸡，表明Monensin不会对生殖性能产生不利影响，并且不会导致后代异常。
Meliton N.Novilla1;Ramesh C.Gupta2;RajivLall3;AjaySrivastava3. Ionophores. Reproductive Developmental Toxicology 003[M].US: ELSEVIER, 2022: 513-528