摘要
The human body is colonized with a vast number of microorganisms, where the gastrointestinal (GI) tract alone is colonized with about 70% of all microbes. Gut dysbiosis may result in the pathogenesis of intestinal and extraintestinal disorders and numerous strategies have been proposed to overcome gut dysbiosis such as the consumption of probiotics and prebiotics. Probiotics are microbial food supplements that offer health benefits beyond nutrition when consumed in enough amount, usually by modulating gut flora. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), genus Saccharomyces , some strains of Escherichia coli , and some gram-positive cocci are some commonly used probiotics. Probiotic supplementation offers health benefits to the host in several ways such as enhancing intestinal integrity, regulating immune pathways, inhibiting the growth and/or activity of pathogenic microbes and protecting against gut barrier disruption. Because of their multiple targets, they can be used in preventing and treating a number of chronic pathologies. Prebiotics are food supplements that selectively enhance the growth and/orthe activity of favorable indigenous probiotic bacteria. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are byproducts of probiotics that can reduce luminal pH, increase the absorption of several nutrients, improve composition of gut flora, inhibit the growth of pathogenic microbes like food-borne pathogens and serve as a source of energy to colonocytes. The word “synbiotics” alludes to synergism, suggesting that the term should be reserved only for products in which prebiotic substances selectively enhance the growth and/or activity of probiotic microbes. Probiotics may lose viability during GI transit due to unfavorable intestinal environment and microencapsulation is one of the techniques that could preserve the viability of probiotic species from preparation to their shelf life.
摘要译文
人体被大量的微生物定居，在该微生物中，仅胃肠道（GI）的大约70％的所有微生物都被殖民。肠道营养不良可能导致肠道和肠外疾病的发病机理，并提出了许多策略来克服肠道营养不良，例如食用益生菌和益生元。益生菌是微生物食品补充剂，通常通过调节肠道菌群，可提供足够数量的营养效益。乳酸菌（LAB），糖疗法属，一些大肠杆菌的某些菌株和一些革兰氏阳性的球菌是一些常用的益生菌。益生菌补充剂以多种方式为宿主提供健康益处，例如增强肠道完整性，调节免疫途径，抑制致病微生物的生长和/或活性，并保护肠道屏障破坏。由于它们的多个靶标，它们可用于预防和治疗许多慢性病理。益生元是食物补充剂，可有选择地增强有利本土益生菌细菌的生长和/或活性。短链脂肪酸（SCFAS）是益生菌的副产物，可以减少腔pH，增加几种营养素的吸收，改善肠道菌群的组成，抑制病原微生物（如食物 - 传染性病原体）的生长，并用作能源的来源结肠细胞。 “合成学”一词暗示了协同作用，表明该术语应仅用于益生元物质选择性增强益生菌微生物的生长和/或活性的产品。由于不利的肠道环境，益生菌在胃肠道运输过程中可能会失去生存能力，而微囊化是可以保留从制备到保质期的益生菌物种的生存能力的技术之一。
Prebiotics and Probiotics. Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Natural Products 2v[M].US: Wiley, 2022: 83-104