摘要
This study focuses on the phylogenomic relationships of a monophyletic clade of birds including the toucans (Aves: Ramphastidae) and their relatives, the New World barbets (Aves: Capitonidae) and toucan-barbets (Aves: Semnornithidae). Toucans and their relatives have been models for reconstructing the biogeographic history of the Neotropics. Multiple genera of toucans and their relatives co-occur across the Neotropics and thus these taxa can serve as replicates for testing biogeographic hypotheses. I used both UCE and mitochondrial genome sequences to reconstruct phylogenetic trees and chronograms and then used BioGeoBEARS to map highland/lowland and cis/trans-Andean and Atlantic Forest areas onto these trees. I confirmed previous studies indicating that (1) lowland Selenidera toucanets may be paraphyletic with respect to Andigena mountain-toucans and (2) the toucan barbets (Semnornithidae) are sister to the toucans (Ramphastidae). This ancestral state reconstruction confirmed that the Andes were important in the diversification of both lowland and highland taxa in this group and that lowland taxa dispersed into the Andes seven times. For lowland taxa, there were 8 transitions from the cis-Andean or highland regions to trans-Andean regions and Amazonian taxa likely colonized the Atlantic Forest relatively recently during Pleistocene climatic oscillations. Overall, a combination of data on timing and reconstruction of ancestral areas suggests that although Andean uplift may have been a factor in diversification, the primary driver for both highland and lowland toucan and barbet taxa was dispersal into the Andes from the lowlands, dispersal from the cis-Andean to the Trans-Andean region, and dispersal into the Atlantic Forest from Amazonia.
摘要译文
这项研究的重点是鸟类的单系分支的系统发育关系，包括巨嘴鸟（Aves：Ramphastidae）及其亲属，新世界的倒钩（Aves：Capitonidae）和巨嘴鸟（Aves：Semnornithidae）。 Toucans及其亲属已经成为重建Neotropics生物地理历史的模型。多种类型的巨嘴鸟及其亲属共同发生在新热带上，因此这些类群可以作为测试生物地理假设的重复。我使用UCE和线粒体基因组序列来重建系统发育树和计时图，然后使用BioGeoBEARS将高地/低地和顺/反安第斯和大西洋森林地区映射到这些树上。我证实以前的研究表明（1）低地Selenidera toucanet可能是关于Andigena mountain-toucans的paraphyletic和（2）toucan barbets（Semnornithidae）是巨嘴鸟（Ramphastidae）的姐妹。这个祖先的国家重建证实，安第斯山脉在该群体的低地和高地分类群的多样化中是重要的，并且低地分类群分散到安第斯山脉七次。对于低地分类群，从顺 - 安第斯山脉或高原地区到反安第斯山脉地区有8次过渡，亚马逊类群可能在最近的更新世气候振荡期间最近在大西洋森林中定居。总体而言，祖先地区的时间和重建数据的组合表明，虽然安第斯山脉的隆起可能是多样化的一个因素，但是高地和低地巨嘴鸟和巴贝特类群的主要驱动因素是从低地扩散到安第斯山脉，从cis-Andean到Trans-Andean地区，从亚马逊流域散布到大西洋森林。
Ostrow, Emily N.. Phylogenomics of New World Toucans and Barbets: A Model for Understanding Biogeographic History of the Neotropics[D]. US: Drexel University, 2018