摘要
The availability of fresh vegetables grown in greenhouses under controlled conditions throughout the year has given rise to concerns about their impact on the environment. In high latitude countries such as Norway, greenhouse vegetable production requires large amounts of energy for heat and light, especially during the winter. The use of renewable energy such as hydroelectricity and its effect on the environment has not been well documented. Neither has the effect of different production strategies on the environment been studied to a large extent. We conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) of greenhouse tomato production for mid-March to mid-October (seasonal production), 20th January to 20th November (extended seasonal) production, and year-round production including the processes from raw material extraction to farm gate. Three production seasons and six greenhouse designs were included, at one location in southwestern and one in northern Norway. The SimaPro software was used to calculate the environmental impact. Across the three production seasons, the lowest global warming (GW) potential (600 g CO2-eq per 1 kg tomatoes) was observed during year-round production in southwestern Norway for the design NDSFMLLED + LED, while the highest GW potential (3100 g CO2-eq per 1 kg tomatoes) was observed during seasonal production in northern Norway for the design NS. The choice of artificial lighting (HPS (High Pressure Sodium) or LED (Light Emitting Diodes)), heating system and the production season was found to have had a considerable effect on the environmental impact. Moreover, there was a significant reduction in most of the impact categories including GW potential, terrestrial acidification, and fossil resource scarcity from seasonal to year-round production. Overall, year-round production in southwestern Norway had the lowest environmental impact of the evaluated production types. Heating of the greenhouse using natural gas and electricity was the biggest contributor to most of the impact categories. The use of an electric heat pump and LED lights during extended seasonal and year-round production both decreased the environmental impact. However, while replacing natural gas with electricity resulted in decreased GW potential, it increased the ecotoxicity potential.
摘要译文
全年在受控条件下在温室中种植的新鲜蔬菜的可用性引起了人们对它们对环境的影响的担忧。在挪威等高纬度国家，温室蔬菜的生产需要大量的热量和光能，尤其是在冬季。尚未充分记录使用水力发电等可再生能源及其对环境的影响。在很大程度上研究了不同生产策略对环境的影响。我们对3月中旬至10月中旬（季节性生产）的温室番茄生产进行了生命周期评估（LCA），1月20日至11月20日（季节性扩展）生产以及全年生产，包括从原材料提取到的过程农场门。西南部的一个地点包括三个生产季节和六个温室设计。 Simapro软件用于计算环境影响。在整个三个生产季节中，在挪威西南部的全年生产中观察到全球最低的变暖（GW）潜力（每1千克番茄600 g CO 2 -eq每1千克番茄），该设计NDSFML LED + LED + LED + GW的潜力最高（而GW的潜力最高）（在挪威北部的季节性生产中，观察到3100 g CO 2 -eq每1千克番茄）的设计NS。发现人工照明（HPS（高压钠）或LED（发光二极管）），加热系统和生产季节的选择对环境影响有很大影响。此外，从季节性到全年产量的大多数影响类别的大多数影响类别都大大降低，包括GW潜力，地面酸化和化石资源稀缺。总体而言，挪威西南部的全年产量对评估的生产类型的环境影响最低。使用天然气和电力加热温室是大多数影响类别的最大贡献者。在扩展的季节性和全年产量期间，使用电动热泵和LED灯都降低了环境影响。但是，在用电力代替天然气的同时，GW潜力降低，但它增加了生态毒性潜力。
Muhammad Naseer[a]PersonEnvelope;Tomas Persson[a];Anne-Grete R. Hjelkrem[a];Peter Ruoff[b];Michel J. Verheul[a]. Life cycle assessment of tomato production for different production strategies in Norway[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022,372