摘要
Graphene-based materials have recently gained attention for regenerating various tissue defects including bone, nerve, cartilage, and muscle. Even though the potential of graphene-based biomaterials has been realized in tissue engineering, there are significantly many more studies reporting in vitro and in vivo data in bone tissue engineering. Graphene constructs have mainly been studied as two-dimensional (2D) substrates when biological organs are within a three-dimensional (3D) environment. Therefore, developing 3D graphene scaffolds is the next clinical standard, yet most have been fabricated as foams which limit control of consistent morphology and porosity. To overcome this issue, 3D-printing technology is revolutionizing tissue engineering, due to its speed, accuracy, reproducibility, and overall ability to personalize treatment whereby scaffolds are printed to the exact dimensions of a tissue defect. Even though various 3D-printing techniques are available, practical applications of 3D-printed graphene scaffolds are still limited. This can be attributed to variations associated with fabrication of graphene derivatives, leading to variations in cell response. This review summarizes selected works describing the different fabrication techniques for 3D scaffolds, the novelty of graphene materials, and the use of 3D-printed scaffolds of graphene-based nanoparticles for bone tissue engineering.
摘要译文
基于石墨烯的材料最近引起了人们对各种组织缺陷的再生，包括骨，神经，软骨和肌肉。即使基于石墨烯的生物材料的潜力在组织工程中实现了，但在骨组织工程中报告了更多的研究和体内数据。当生物器官在三维（3D）环境中时，石墨烯构建体的主要作为二维（2D）底物的研究。因此，开发3D石墨烯支架是下一个临床标准，但大多数是被制成的泡沫，限制了对一致的形态和孔隙率的控制。为了克服这个问题，3D打印技术由于其速度，准确性，可重复性和个性化治疗的整体能力而彻底改变了组织工程，从而将脚手架打印到组织缺陷的确切维度。即使有各种3D打印技术可用，3D打印石墨烯脚手架的实际应用仍然有限。这可以归因于与石墨烯衍生物的制造有关的变化，从而导致细胞反应的变化。这篇评论总结了精选的作品，描述了3D支架的不同制造技术，石墨烯材料的新颖性以及使用基于石墨烯的纳米颗粒的3D打印支架用于骨组织工程。
Amber F. MacDonald;Meaghan E. Harley-Troxell;Steven D. Newby;Madhu S. Dhar. 3D-Printing Graphene Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering[J]. Pharmaceutics, 2022,14(9): 1834