摘要
Filistatids, the crevice weavers, are an ancient family of cribellate spiders without extant close relatives. As one of the first lineages of araneomorph spiders, they present a complicated mixture of primitive and derived characters that make them a key taxon to elucidate the phylogeny of spiders, as well as the evolution of phenotypic characters in this group. Their moderate diversity (187 species in 19 genera) is distributed mainly in arid and semi-arid subtropical zones of all continents, except Antarctica. The objective of this paper is to generate a comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis for this family to advance the understanding of its morphological evolution and biogeography, as well as lay the basis for a natural classification scheme. By studying the morphology using optical and electronic microscopy techniques, we produced a matrix of 302 morphological characters coded for a sample of 103 species of filistatids chosen to represent the phylogenetic diversity of the family. In addition, we included sequences of four molecular markers (COI, 16S, H3 and 28S; 3787 aligned positions) of 70 filistatid species. The analysis of the data (morphological, molecular, and combined) consistently indicates the separation of the Filistatidae into two subfamilies, Prithinae and Filistatinae, in addition to supporting several groups of genera: Filistata, Zaitunia and an undescribed genus from Madagascar; Sahastata and Kukulcania; all Prithinae except Filistatinella and Microfilistata; Antilloides and Filistatoides; a large Old World group including Pritha, Tricalamus, Afrofilistata, Labahitha, Yardiella, Wandella and putative new genera; and a South American group formed by Lihuelistata, Pikelinia and Misionella. Pholcoides is transferred to Filistatinae and Microfilistata is transferred to Prithinae, and each represents the sister group to the remaining genera of its own subfamily. Most genera are valid, although Pikelinia is paraphyletic with respect to Misionella, so we consider the two genera as synonyms and propose a few new generic combinations. Considering the new phylogenetic hypothesis, we discuss the evolution of some morphological character systems and the biogeography of the family. The ages of divergence between clades were estimated using a total-evidence tip-dating approach by including fossils of Filistatidae and early spider clades; this approach resulted in younger age estimates than those obtained with traditional node-dating. Filistatidae is an ancient family that started diversifying in the Mesozoic and most genera date to the Cretaceous. Clades displaying transcontinental distributions were most likely affected by continental drift, but at least one clade shows unequivocal signs of transoceanic long-distance dispersal.
摘要译文
Filistatids，缝隙织布工，是一个古老的无近亲戚的蜘蛛家族。作为Araneomorph蜘蛛的第一批谱系之一，它们呈现出原始和衍生特征的复杂混合物，使它们成为阐明蜘蛛系统发育的关键分类单元，以及该组中表型特征的演变。它们的中等多样性（19属中的187种）主要分布在除南极洲以外的所有大陆的干旱和半干旱亚热带地区。本文的目的是为该家庭生成一个全面的系统发育假设，以提高对其形态进化和生物地理学的理解，并为自然分类方案提供基础。通过使用光学和电子显微镜技术研究形态，我们制作了一个302个形态特征的基质，该基质编码为所选择的103种文件样品，以代表家族的系统发育多样性。此外，我们还包括了70种fileistatid物种的四个分子标记物（COI，16S，H3和28S； 3787位对齐位置）的序列。数据（形态，分子和组合）的分析始终表明，除了支持几组属：filistata，Zaitunia和一个未描述的属外，还将fileistatidae分离为两个prithinae和filistatinae分离为两个亚家族。 Sahastata和Kukulcania；除fileistatinella和Microfilistata外，所有prithinae; Antilloides和Filistatoides；一个大的旧世界团体，包括Pritha，Tricalamus，Afrofilistata，Labahitha，Yardiella，Wandella和Putative New Genera；以及由Lihuelistata，Pikelinia和Misionella组成的南美团体。 pholcoides被转移到fileistatinae，并将微丝塔转移到prithinae，每个人都代表姐妹组到其自己的亚家族的其余属。大多数属都是有效的，尽管pikelinia相对于米西氏菌具有销售，因此我们将两个属视为同义词，并提出了一些新的通用组合。考虑到新的系统发育假设，我们讨论了某些形态特征系统和家族生物地理学的演变。通过包括Fileistatidae和早期蜘蛛进化枝的化石，使用总证据尖端约会方法估算了进化枝之间的分歧年龄；这种方法比传统节点约会获得的年龄估计年龄较小。 Filistatidae是一个古老的家庭，开始在中生代和大多数属日期到白垩纪多样化。表现出跨陆分布的进化枝很可能会受到大陆漂移的影响，但至少一个进化枝显示出跨波动长距离传播的明确迹象。
Ivan L. F. Magalhaes;Martín J. Ramírez. Phylogeny and biogeography of the ancient spider family Filistatidae (Araneae) is consistent both with long-distance dispersal and vicariance following continental drift[J]. Cladistics, 2022,38(5): 538-562