摘要
Dominance hierarchies (sometimes called “pecking orders”) are virtually universal in social species, including humans. In most species and in ancestral and early human societies, these hierarchies allocate scarce resources, including food and often access to females. Humans sometimes use hierarchies for these allocational purposes, but humans use hierarchies for productive purposes as well—as in firms, universities, and governments. Productive hierarchies and dominance hierarchies share many features. As a result, people, including students of human behavior, often confuse types of hierarchies. For example, the Communist Manifesto attributes features to productive hierarchies that are actually characteristic of dominance hierarchies. Government hierarchies are particularly confusing, as they have many features of both types. In modern societies with socially mandated monogamy and voluntary attachment to hierarchies in the form of competitive labor markets, productive hierarchies are generally useful for all members, and it is important not to confuse the two types, either in policy or in scientific analysis.
摘要译文
显性层次结构（有时称为“啄令”）是在社会的物种，包括人类在内的几乎普遍的。在大多数物种和祖先和早期人类社会，这些层次结构分配稀缺的资源，包括食品和经常访问的女性。人类有时会使用层次为这些资源分配上的目的，但人类使用层次用于生产目的以及-在企业，大学和政府。生产力的层次结构和层次结构的优势有很多的功能。其结果是，人，包括学生对人类行为的，经常混淆的类型层次结构。例如，共产党宣言属性的功能，生产层次是主导地位等级的实际特点。政府层次尤其混乱，因为他们有两种类型的许多功能。在竞争的劳动力市场的形式现代社会与社会规定的一夫一妻制和自愿附件层次，生产性等级通常是为所有部件是有用的，而不是两种类型的混淆是很重要的，无论是在政策或在科学分析。
Paul H. Rubin [1]. Hierarchy[J]. Human Nature, 2000,11(3): 259-279